Objective This study aims to investigate the comparative bioavailability of various formulations of fucoxanthin, a unique algal-derived carotenoid known for its antioxidant, weight management, and lipid-regulating properties. Given fucoxanthin’s inherent instability, its current applications predominantly rely on two formats: fucoxanthin microcapsule powder and fucoxanthin oil suspension.

Methods To assess the bioavailability differences, the study employed a Caco-2 cell model to examine the transport and absorption dynamics of both fucoxanthin formulations alongside their respective gastrointestinal simulated digesta. The Caco-2 cell model was validated through assessments of cellular morphology, transepithelial electrical resistance, alkaline phosphatase activity, and permeability characteristics. Key metrics evaluated included sample transport efficacy, absorption rates, apparent permeability coefficients, and intracellular antioxidant capacity.

Results Following 21-day culture, Caco-2 cells displayed a tight junctional architecture indicative of differentiation, rendering them suitable for absorption and transport studies. The findings revealed that the fucoxanthin microcapsule powder exhibited superior absorption efficiency at 27.98%, with a transport efficiency of 24.45% post 12-hour incubation and an optimal apparent permeability coefficient of 8.1×10⁻⁵ cm/s observed within three hours, highlighting robust bioavailability. In contrast, the fucoxanthin oil suspension digestion solution achieved an absorption rate of 22.29%, with peak transport efficiency and permeability coefficient values of 43.91% and 1.4×10⁻⁵ cm/s, respectively, occurring after six hours. Additionally, both fucoxanthin samples demonstrated potent antioxidant effects within Caco-2 cells, notably augmenting superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities.

Conclusion  Gastrointestinal digestion processes facilitate the formation of fucoxanthin micelles, thereby enhancing its bioavailability. The microcapsule formulation maintained high stability and exhibited commendable absorption and transport capabilities following digestion, whereas the oil suspension format showcased elevated transmural transport efficiency post-digestion but compromised absorption performance. In practical applications, the appropriate dosage form of fucoxanthin should be selected based on the product type and its characteristics.

Significance  These insights offer a foundational platform for future fucoxanthin product development and formulation strategies, as well as guidance on incorporation into nutraceuticals.