Abstract: Background: Vibriosis remains persistently prevalent and severely restricts the sustainable development of the large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea) aquaculture industry. Currently, pathogen succession shows a complex trend shifting from single-pathogen infections to polymicrobial synergistic infections dominated by Vibrio harveyi. The spread of antimicrobial resistance caused by inappropriate use of antimicrobial agents has further accelerated dominant pathogen succession and exacerbated prevention and control challenges.Objective: This review focuses on the ecological effects of pathogen succession and antimicrobial resistance in large yellow croaker vibriosis. It elucidates the drivers of succession of dominant pathogen populations, the dissemination pathways and ecological consequences of antimicrobial resistance genes in aquaculture environments, and discusses how these two processes reshape disease epidemiological patterns and prevention and control strategies.Progress: In terms of epidemiological characteristics, V. harveyi has gradually become the dominant pathogen owing to its strong environmental adaptability, biofilm formation capacity, and stress tolerance. In terms of resistance evolution, under the selective pressure of antimicrobial agents, mobile genetic elements such as plasmids, integrons, and transposons mediate the horizontal transfer of resistance genes, reshape Vibrio community structure, and form a positive feedback loop that promotes the expansion of dominant strains. In terms of pathogenic mechanisms, Vibrio virulence factors and extracellular products can induce inflammatory imbalance and immunopathological damage in the host, thereby promoting tissue damage and disease exacerbation. In response to these challenges, prevention and control research is shifting from sole reliance on antimicrobials to multi-level integrated interventions. At the precision detection level, rapid detection of pathogens and antimicrobial resistance, together with antimicrobial susceptibility monitoring, facilitates the timely identification of dominant pathogens and resistance phenotypes, shifting antimicrobial selection from empirical judgment to precision antimicrobial therapy. At the immune regulation level, mucosal vaccines and immunostimulants delivered via immersion or oral routes can enhance host mucosal and systemic anti-infection capacity. At the ecological regulation level, probiotics and microecological regulation can inhibit Vibrio colonization and biofilm formation by competing for nutrients and adhesion sites and producing antimicrobial metabolites; combined with stocking density and water quality management, these measures reduce pathogen abundance at the environmental source and decrease reliance on antimicrobials. Green prevention and control technologies based on precision pathogen detection, mucosal immune regulation, and aquaculture ecological optimization are expected to overcome the limitations of traditional antimicrobial dependence.Outlook: In the future, the focus of large yellow croaker vibriosis prevention and control should shift from “pathogen elimination” to “ecological regulation.” By developing mucosal vaccines, disease-resistant breeding, and microecological regulation, a precision management system coordinating pathogen, immunity, and environment should be established to promote the green and sustainable development of the industry.