利用农业固体废弃物去除水环境中多环芳烃污染物和有机磷农药的研究进展

doi:10.14012/i.cnki.fjsc.2023.02.013

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

随着经济和人口的增长,环境污染特别是水环境污染日益加剧,对水生生物和人体健康皆造成了威胁。农业固体废弃物因成本低、吸附能力强、易修饰和操作简单,而成为一种有潜力的传统吸附剂替代品。本文以多环芳烃污染物(PAHs)和有机磷农药(OPs)为分析对象,就农业固体废弃物的性质、吸附机理、影响因素及其作为吸附剂对水环境中PAHs和OPs的吸附性能等方面进行综述,并对其应用进行了展望。

关键词: 农业固体废弃物, 水环境污染, 多环芳烃污染物(PAHs), 有机磷农药(OPs)

Abstract:

With the development of economy and population, the environmental pollution, especially water pollution, is becoming more and more serious.This poses a threat to aquatic life and human health.Agricultural solid waste has served as a high potential alternative kind of materials for conventional sorbents because of the low cost, high adsorption capacity, easy modification and simple operation.In this paper, when agricultural solid waste was used as adsorbent, the properties of agricultural waste, adsorption mechanism, influencing factors and adsorption performance of PAHs and OPs in water environment were reviewed.The applications of agricultural wastes as adsorbents were also prospected.

Key words: agricultural solid waste, water pollution, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), organophosphorus pesticides (OPs)

中图分类号:

O657

王丽娟, 姜琳琳, 余颖, 汤水粉, 钱卓真. 利用农业固体废弃物去除水环境中多环芳烃污染物和有机磷农药的研究进展[J]. 渔业研究, 2023, 45(2): 202-212.

WANG Lijuan, JIANG Linlin, YU Ying, TANG Shuifen, QIAN Zhuozhen. Review of removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and organophosphorus pesticides by low-cost agricultural solid waste in water environment[J]. Journal of Fisheries Research, 2023, 45(2): 202-212.

图/表 4

参考文献 63

[1]	包贞, 潘志彦, 杨晔, 等. 环境中多环芳烃的分布及降解[J]. 浙江工业大学学报, 2003, 31 (5):528-533,544.
[2]	王丽娟. 水产品中多环芳烃的检测方法及污染特征研究进展[J]. 渔业研究, 2016, 38 (4):343-350.
[3]	杨若明. 环境中有毒有害化学物质的污染与监测[M]. 北京: 中央民族大学出版社, 2001:21-178.
[4]	陈进. 有机磷农药分析方法的研究[D]. 金华: 浙江师范大学, 2010.
[5]	Vose S C, Holland N T, Eskenazi B, et al. Lysophosphatidylcholine hydrolases of human erythrocytes, lymphocytes, and brain: sensitive targets of conserved specificity for organophosphorus delayed neurotoxicants[J]. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 2007, 224 (1);98-104. PMID
[6]	吴晴雯, 孟梁, 张志豪, 等. 芦苇秸秆生物炭对水中菲和 1,1-二氯乙烯的吸附特性[J]. 环境科学, 2016, 37 (2):680-688.
[7]	王维东. 农业废弃物可持续发展现状及对策分析[J]. 现代农村科技, 2021 (4):103-104.
[8]	郑露露, 闫晓明, 陶敬, 等. 农业固体废弃物循环利用现状及循环利用方式[J]. 浙江农业科学, 2016, 57 (7):1112-1114.
[9]	Tran V S, Ngo H H, Guo W S, et al. Typical low cost biosorbents for adsorptive removal of specific organic pollutants from water[J]. Bioresource Technology, 2015, 182:353-363. DOI PMID
[10]	Krishnani K K, Meng X, Christodoulatos C, et al. Biosorption mechanism of nine different heavy metals onto biomatrix from rice husk[J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2008, 153:1222-1234. PMID
[11]	Kumar M N V R. A review of chitin and chitosan applications[J]. Reactive Functional Polymers, 2000, 46:1-27. DOI URL
[12]	Bhatnagar A, Sillanpää M. Applications of chitin-and chitosan-derivatives for the detoxification of water and wastewater - a short review[J]. Advances in Colloid and Interface Science, 2009, 152:26-38. DOI PMID
[13]	李晓娜, 宋洋, 贾明云, 等. 生物质炭对有机污染物的吸附及机理研究进展[J]. 土壤学报, 2017, 54 (6): 1313-1325.
[14]	Al-Zaben M I, Mekhamer W K. Removal of 4-chloro-2-methyl phenoxy acetic acid pesticide using coffee wastes from aqueous solution[J]. Arabian Journal of Chemistry, 2017, 10:1523-1529. DOI
[15]	Xi Z M, Chen B L. Removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from aqueous solution by raw and modified plant residue materials as biosorbents[J]. 环境科学学报(英文版), 2014, 26(4):737-748. DOI PMID
[16]	韩林. 生物炭和改性生物炭对有机污染物的吸附-转化性能及作用机理[D]. 杭州: 浙江大学, 2017.
[17]	Sud D, Mahajan G, Kaur M P. Agricultural waste material as potential adsorbent for sequestering heavy metal ions from aqueous solutions-a review[J]. Bioresource Technology, 2008, 99 (14):6017-6027. DOI URL
[18]	Kong H, He J, Wu H, et al. Phenanthrene removal from aqueous solution on sesame stalk-based carbon[J]. Clean-Soil Air Water, 2012, 40:752-759. DOI URL
[19]	Islam M A, Sakkas V, Albanis T A. Application of statistical design of experiment with desirability function for the removal of organophosphorus pesticide from aqueous solution by low-cost material[J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2009, 170:230-238. DOI PMID
[20]	姜媛. 不同生物质制备的高温生物炭对水中芳香性有机污染物的吸附机制及规律[D]. 杭州: 浙江大学, 2017.
[21]	Parshetti G K, Chowdhury S, Balasubramanian R. Hydrothermal conversion of urban food waste to chars for removal of textile dyes from contaminated waters[J]. Bioresource Technology, 2014, 161:310-319. DOI PMID
[22]	Nataša K, Alexandra S M, Teodorovi A, et al. Bio-waste valorisation: agricultural wastes as biosorbents for removal of (in)organic pollutants in wastewater treatment[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal Advances, 2022, 9:100239. DOI URL
[23]	奚泽民. 植物残体对水中多环芳烃的生物吸附性能及构效关系[D]. 杭州: 浙江大学, 2013.
[24]	Valili S, Siavalas G, Karapanagioti H K, et al. Phenanthrene removal from aqueous solutions using well-characterized,raw,chemically treated,and charred malt spent rootlets,a food industry by-product[J]. Journal of Environmental Management, 2013, 128:252-258. DOI URL
[25]	王靖宜, 王丽, 张文龙, 等. 生物炭基复合材料制备及其对水体特征污染物的吸附性能[J]. 化工进展, 2019, 38 (8):3838-3851.
[26]	Zhao X, Ouyang W, Hao F, et al. Properties comparison of biochars from corn straw with different pretreatment and sorption behaviour of atrazine[J]. Bioresoure Technology, 2013, 147:338-344. DOI URL
[27]	所凤阅. 玉米秸秆生物炭的研制及其对水体中农药的吸附机制研究[D]. 沈阳: 沈阳农业大学, 2018.
[28]	El Bakouri H, Usero J, Morillo J, et al. Adsorptive features of acid-treated olive stones for drin pesticides: equilibrium,kinetic and thermodynamic modeling studies[J]. Bioresoure Technology, 2009, 100:4147-4155. DOI URL
[29]	Li Y, Chen B, Zhu L. Enhanced sorption of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from aqueous solution by modified pine bark[J]. Bioresoure Technology, 2010, 101:7307-7313. DOI URL
[30]	胡锋平, 罗文栋, 彭小明, 等. 改性生物质炭去除水中污染物的研究进展[J]. 工业水处理, 2019, 39 (4): 1-4. DOI
[31]	Cederlund H, Borjesson E, Lundberg D, et al. Adsorption of pesticides with different chemical properties to a wood biochar treated with heat and iron[J]. Water Air & Soil Pollution, 2016, 227:1-12.
[32]	张汝壮. 功能化改性木屑材料的制备及其吸附/光催化性能研究[D]. 上海: 华东理工大学, 2015.
[33]	许朝贵. 生物炭功能材料的制备及对有机污染物的去除研究[D]. 济南: 齐鲁工业大学, 2020.
[34]	Kyzas G Z, Kostoglou M. Green adsorbents for waste waters: a critical review[J]. Materials, 2014, 7 (1):333-364. DOI URL
[35]	Rio S, Martin P. Removal of metal ions from aqueous solution by adsorption onto low-cost biosorbent[J]. Environmental Technology, 2012, 33 (19):2211-2215. DOI URL
[36]	Abdel-Halim E S, Al-Deyab S S. Chemically modified cellulosic adsorbent for divalent cations removal from aqueous solutions[J]. Carbohydrate Polymers, 2012, 87 (2):1863-1868. DOI URL
[37]	Nanseu-Njiki C P, Dedzo G K, Ngameni E. Study of the removal of paraquat from aqueous solution by biosorption onto ayous triplochiton schleroxylon sawdust[J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2010, 179:63-71. DOI PMID
[38]	Pal D. Adsorption of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons using agricultural wastes-effect of lignin content[C]. International Conference on Chemical,Ecology and Environmental Sciences (ICEES’2012), 2012, 14:4-57.
[39]	Chen B, Yuan M, Liu H. Removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from aqueous solution using plant residue materials as a biosorbent[J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2011, 188:436-442. DOI PMID
[40]	Olivella M A, Jove P, Oliveras A. The use of cork waste as a biosorbent for persistent organic pollutants-study of adsorption/desorption of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons[J]. Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part A, 2011, 46:824-832. DOI PMID
[41]	Crisafully R, Milhome M A L, Cavalcante R M, et al. Removal of some polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from petrochemical wastewater using low-cost adsorbents of natural origin[J]. Bioresoure Technology, 2008, 99: 4515-4519. DOI URL
[42]	Lin D H, Pan B, Zhu L Z, et al. Characterization and phenanthrene sorption of tea leaf powders[J]. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2007, 55:5718-5724. PMID
[43]	Yakout S M, Daifullah A A M. Removal of selected polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from aqueous solution onto various adsorbent materials[J]. Desalination and Water Treatment, 2013, 51:6711-6718. DOI URL
[44]	史兵方, 仝海娟, 左卫元, 等. 麻疯树籽壳生物质炭的制备及其吸附水中PAHs性能研究[J]. 中国环境科学, 2016, 36 (4):1059-1066.
[45]	Kong H, He J, Gao Y, et al. Removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from aqueous solution on soybean stalk-based carbon[J]. Journal of Environmental Quality, 2011, 40 (6):1737-1744. DOI PMID
[46]	Huang L Y, Boving T B, Xing B S. Sorption of PAHs by aspen wood fibers as affected by chemical alterations[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2006, 40:3279-3284. DOI URL
[47]	孙璇. 不同作物原料生物炭对多环芳烃芘的吸附特性及其改性研究[D]. 南京: 南京农业大学, 2014.
[48]	张默, 贾明云, 卞永荣, 等. 不同温度玉米秸秆生物炭对萘的吸附动力学特征与机理[J]. 土壤学报, 2015, 52 (5):1106-1115.
[49]	Nguyen T H, Cho H, Poster D L, et al. Evidence for a pore-filling mechanism in the adsorption of aromatic hydrocarbons to a natural wood char[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2007, 41:1212-1217. DOI URL
[50]	Zhu D, Pignatello J J. Characterization of aromatic compound sorptive interactions with black carbon (charcoal) assisted by graphite as a model[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2005, 39:2033-2041. DOI URL
[51]	Zhu D Q, Kwon S, Pignatello J J. Adsorption of single-ring organic compounds to wood charcoals prepared under different thermochemical conditions[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2005, 39 (11):3990-3998. DOI URL
[52]	张晗, 林宁, 黄仁龙, 等. 不同生物质制备的生物炭对菲的吸附特性研究[J]. 环境工程, 2016, 34 (10):166-171.
[53]	Gupta H, Gupta B. Adsorption of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on banana peel activated carbon[J]. Desalination Water Treat, 2016, 57:9498-9509. DOI URL
[54]	Zolgharnein J, Shahmoradi A, Ghasemi J. Pesticides removal using conventional and low-cost adsorbents:a review[J]. Clean - Soil Air Water, 2011, 39:1105-1119. DOI URL
[55]	Ahmad T, Rafatullah M, Ghazali A, et al. Removal of pesticides from water and wastewater by different adsorbents: a review[J]. Journal of Environmental Science and Healthy Part C, 2010, 28:231-271.
[56]	Akhtar M, Hasany S M, Bhanger M I, et al. Low cost sorbents for the removal of methyl parathion pesticide from aqueous solutions[J]. Chemosphere, 2007, 66:1829-1838. PMID
[57]	孙蕾, 罗伟, 袁丹, 等. 蔗渣炭吸附有机磷农药乐果的过程机制[J]. 环境科学与技术, 2018, 41 (7):36-43.
[58]	Mohammad S G. Biosorption of pesticide onto a low cost carbon produced from apricot stone (Prunus armeniaca):equilibrium,kinetic and thermodynamic studies[J]. Journal of Applied Sciences Research, 2013, 9:6459-6469.
[59]	Islam M A, Sakkas V, Albanis T A. Application of statistical design of experiment with desirability function for the removal of organophosphorus pesticide from aqueous solution by low-cost material[J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2009, 170:230-238. DOI PMID
[60]	Abdeen Z, Mohammad S G. Study of the adsorption efficiency of an eco-friendly carbohydrate polymer for contaminated aqueous solution by organophosphorus pesticide[J]. Open Journal of Organic Polymer Materials, 2014, 4 (1):16-28. DOI URL
[61]	杨婕. 改性农业废弃生物质对水体中杀虫剂的吸附特性研究[D]. 石河子: 石河子大学, 2021.
[62]	王秋华. 壳聚糖-甘蔗渣活性炭的制备及其处理有机农药污染物的性能研究[D]. 长沙: 湖南农业大学, 2018.
[63]	Hamadeen H M, Elkhatib E A, Badawy M E I, et al. Green low cost nanomaterial produced from Moringa oleifera seed waste for enhanced removal of chlorpyrifos from wastewater:mechanism and sorption studies[J]. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 2021, 9 (4):105376. DOI URL

方法 Methods	改性剂 Modifying agent	常用方式或成分 Common ways or components	理化特性 Physical and chemical properties
物理改性 Physical modification	—	高压灭菌、热处理、真空冷冻干燥、切割、研磨、破碎、蒸汽	比表面积增大,吸附位点增多
化学改性 Chemical modification	酸	H₃PO₄、HNO₃、HCl、H₂SO₄	比表面积和总孔容积提升,多孔结构更为显著,有利于对水中阳离子的静电吸附
	碱	KOH、NaOH、Ca(OH)₂、氨水、尿素、碳酸盐、碳酸氢盐等碱式盐	可使材料表面产生正电荷,有助于吸附带负电的物质^[30]
	氧化剂/ 还原剂	H₂O₂、KMnO₄、过硫酸盐; NaBH₄、Na₂SO₃、FeSO₄	使羧基、羟基和羰基的含量提高,提高材料的比表面积,去除表面更多的无机灰分,提高表面积
	金属	Fe₃O₄、MgO、MnO₂、MgFe₂O₄、 MnFe₂O₄	易形成纳米颗粒,其比表面积大、活性高,具有未配位的原子和不饱和键,易与吸附质原子结合,产生的羟基等活性基团提供特异性吸附位。将铁作为其中的组分之一,以适当掺杂比混合后可以得到金属磁改性生物炭,材料吸附后可快速回收^[31]
	有机物	乙二胺四乙酸、乙二胺、β-环糊精、二甲基甲酰、十六烷基三甲基溴化铵、乙二醇、甲醇等	活化材料表面羧基、羰基、酯基和醚基等含氧官能团,使其与有机物间形成多种化学键合,以提升材料吸附量^[32]
	功能材料	壳聚糖、石墨烯、氧化石墨烯、碳纳米管、锌纳米管、锌纳米晶等	功能性颗粒能够改善孔隙结构和热稳定性,提高比表面积并丰富表面官能团的种类^[33]

方法 Methods	改性剂 Modifying agent	常用方式或成分 Common ways or components	理化特性 Physical and chemical properties
物理改性 Physical modification	—	高压灭菌、热处理、真空冷冻干燥、切割、研磨、破碎、蒸汽	比表面积增大,吸附位点增多
化学改性 Chemical modification	酸	H₃PO₄、HNO₃、HCl、H₂SO₄	比表面积和总孔容积提升,多孔结构更为显著,有利于对水中阳离子的静电吸附
	碱	KOH、NaOH、Ca(OH)₂、氨水、尿素、碳酸盐、碳酸氢盐等碱式盐	可使材料表面产生正电荷,有助于吸附带负电的物质^[30]
	氧化剂/ 还原剂	H₂O₂、KMnO₄、过硫酸盐; NaBH₄、Na₂SO₃、FeSO₄	使羧基、羟基和羰基的含量提高,提高材料的比表面积,去除表面更多的无机灰分,提高表面积
	金属	Fe₃O₄、MgO、MnO₂、MgFe₂O₄、 MnFe₂O₄	易形成纳米颗粒,其比表面积大、活性高,具有未配位的原子和不饱和键,易与吸附质原子结合,产生的羟基等活性基团提供特异性吸附位。将铁作为其中的组分之一,以适当掺杂比混合后可以得到金属磁改性生物炭,材料吸附后可快速回收^[31]
	有机物	乙二胺四乙酸、乙二胺、β-环糊精、二甲基甲酰、十六烷基三甲基溴化铵、乙二醇、甲醇等	活化材料表面羧基、羰基、酯基和醚基等含氧官能团,使其与有机物间形成多种化学键合,以提升材料吸附量^[32]
	功能材料	壳聚糖、石墨烯、氧化石墨烯、碳纳米管、锌纳米管、锌纳米晶等	功能性颗粒能够改善孔隙结构和热稳定性,提高比表面积并丰富表面官能团的种类^[33]

吸附剂Adsorbent	优点Advantage	不足Shortage
活性炭 Activated carbon	具有高的比表面积和孔隙度,以及优异的吸附性能	对小分子吸附性能较差、再生困难、回收率低、投资和应用成本较高
大孔树脂 Macroporous adsorption resin	具有价格低廉、选择性高、操作便捷、可重复利用等特点	实际应用中出现树脂吸附能力下降或降解问题,以及废弃树脂的环保问题
石墨烯 Graphene	独特的面吸附特性、高比表面积、良好的化学稳定性及机械稳定性	高昂的制备费用、难以回收、容易产生二次污染等
黏土Clay	比表面积和孔径较大、成本廉价	对非极性的污染物的吸附能力较弱、需改性
农业固体废弃物 Agricultural solid waste	来源广泛、可再生、环境相容性好、实用、廉价等	缺乏在实际应用中稳定性和商业化可行性的相关研究数据

吸附剂Adsorbent	优点Advantage	不足Shortage
活性炭 Activated carbon	具有高的比表面积和孔隙度,以及优异的吸附性能	对小分子吸附性能较差、再生困难、回收率低、投资和应用成本较高
大孔树脂 Macroporous adsorption resin	具有价格低廉、选择性高、操作便捷、可重复利用等特点	实际应用中出现树脂吸附能力下降或降解问题,以及废弃树脂的环保问题
石墨烯 Graphene	独特的面吸附特性、高比表面积、良好的化学稳定性及机械稳定性	高昂的制备费用、难以回收、容易产生二次污染等
黏土Clay	比表面积和孔径较大、成本廉价	对非极性的污染物的吸附能力较弱、需改性
农业固体废弃物 Agricultural solid waste	来源广泛、可再生、环境相容性好、实用、廉价等	缺乏在实际应用中稳定性和商业化可行性的相关研究数据

来源 Materials	制备方法 Methods	被吸附物 Adsorbate	吸附能力 Sorption capacity	环境条件 Environment
芦苇秸秆 Reed straw	高温热解	菲	最大去除率为81.87%^[6]	水体
竹木、松木、松针和松树皮 Bamboo wood, pine wood, pine needles, and pine bark	酸水解	菲、萘、芘和苊	酸水解后吸附能力显著提高,其中菲提高6~18倍,萘和芘为6~8倍,苊为5~8倍^[15]	水体
芝麻秆 Sesame stalk	高温热解、 KOH	菲	清除率可达到100%^[18]	水体
松树皮 Pine bark	索氏提取、皂化、酸水解	菲和芘	通过酸水解,吸附量显著增加,提高4~17倍,但由于菲吸附竞争抑制,芘吸附量减少了16%~34%^[29]	水体
甘蔗渣、椰子壳和米糠 Sugarcane bagasse, coconut shells, and rice husk	天然原料	萘、苊、芴和芘	K_f的数量级为萘>芴>菲>芘,对PAHs的吸收能力依次为椰子壳>甘蔗渣>稻壳,符合Freundlich模型^[38]	水体
木屑、黑麦草根、橙皮、竹叶和松针 Sawdust, ryegrass root, orange peel, bamboo leaves, and pine needles	天然原料	菲、萘、苊、芴、芘	K_d=(2 484 ± 24.24)~(5 306 ± 92.49) L/kg^[39]	水体
软木废料 Cork waste	天然原料	13种PAHs	Freundlich和Langmuir等温线都很好地拟合了吸附过程,对芘、蒽和菲的吸附亲和性最高^[40]	水体
甘蔗渣、绿椰子壳、甲壳素和壳聚糖 Sugarcane bagasse, green coconut shells, chitin, and chitosan	天然原料	萘、苊、蒽、芘	吸附等温线符合Freundlich模型,吸附量依次为绿椰子壳>甘蔗渣>甲壳素>壳聚糖,绿椰壳的吸附性能与传统吸附剂如琥珀石吸附性能相当^[41]	水体
茶叶 Tea leaf powders	煮沸	菲	12种茶叶吸附量6 960 ~32 900 mL/g^[42]	水体
米糠 Activated rice husk	磷酸活化、高温热解	萘、芘和菲	吸附容量可以和传统吸附剂相媲美^[43]	水体
麻疯树籽壳 Husk ash of jatropha curcas seed	磷酸活化、高温热解	萘、蒽、菲、芘	萘、蒽、芘和菲的去除率分别为97.4%、94.6%、93.1%和92.1%,服从Langmuir方程,萘、蒽、芘和菲的饱和吸附量分别为8.849、8.547、8.097、7.633 mg/g^[44]	水体
黄豆杆 Soybean stalk	磷酸活化、高温热解	菲、萘和苊	对菲、萘和苊的最佳去除率分别为99.89%、100%和95.64%,制备的活性炭的性能优于商业活性炭,对PAHs的去除效率依次为菲>萘>苊^[45]	水体
杨木纤维 Aspen wood fibers	漂洗和水解	菲和芘	符合Freundlich方程,漂白纤维对菲和芘吸附能力均最低;高热水解后因其芳香碳含量高、极性低而具有最高吸附能力^[46]	水体
小麦秸杆、玉米秸秆和花生壳 Wheat stalks, corn stalks, and peanut husks	高温、氨水改性、高温加热凝胶颗粒	芘	高热小麦秸秆、玉米秸秆和花生壳饱和吸附量分别为714、1 667、370 μg/g,氨水改性后分别为909、1 754、476 μg/g,玉米秸秆制备的凝胶颗粒饱和吸附量达80 μg/g^[47]	水体
玉米秸秆 Corn stalk	高温热解	萘	对萘的平衡吸附量大于50 mg^[48]	水体
木炭 Wood char	—	菲、萘	两种化合物的最大吸附量随分子直径的减小依次为菲<萘^[49]	水体
荔枝树枝、小麦和水稻秸秆 Litchi branches, wheat straw and rice straw	高温热解	菲	荔枝树枝生物炭对菲的吸附能力要明显大于小麦秸秆和水稻秸秆制备所得的生物炭,随着热解温度的升高,生物炭对菲的吸附能力明显增强^[52]	水体
香蕉皮 Banana peel	磷酸活化、高温热解	萘、芴、菲	符合Freundlich模型^[53]	水体