Abstract: Marine environment is an important material basis for the survival and development of marine fishery resources. It provids necessary living space and suitable environmental conditions for the growth and reproduction of marine organisms and plays a decisive role in aquaculture and other fishery production activities. Microplastics has become a new type of pollutants that threatens marine environment and fishery production due to their wide distribution, small particle size, difficulty in degradation and durability. This paper summarized the research progress of microplastics in marine environment, identified the main sources and expounded the main mechanism of influence of microplastics in marine environment and fishery production, and put forward the corresponding prevention and control measures, in order to provide scientific basis and technical guidance for the effective prevention and control of microplastics pollution in marine environment and fishery production.